نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
استادیار گروه تاریخ دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسنده [English]
The 1919 Iran-Britain Treaty is considered a turning point in the history of Iranian international relations in the twentieth century. This agreement, which was drafted at the initiative of Lord Curzon (British Foreign Secretary) and in cooperation with Vosugh-od-Dowleh and Cox (British representative in Iran), and concluded in the context of chaos after World War I and the severe weakness of the Iranian central government, sought to institutionalize and formally consolidate Britain's political, economic, and military dominance over Iran. Britain's goal with this agreement was ostensibly to provide financial and military assistance to maintain and develop Iran, but in reality, its main motivation was to secure colonial interests, preserve oil resources, and ensure the security of its important colony (India) by controlling Iran as a buffer zone. However, the1919 agreement was never ratified due to widespread domestic and foreign opposition. Iranians considered this agreement to violate the country's independence and contradict the constitutional law. The governments of Russia, France, and the United States, driven by their own interests, opposed it in competition with Britain. After the coup d'état of March 12, 1969, this agreement was officially canceled, and Britain's policy of greater influence in Iran failed. Now the research question is: How did the 1919 agreement affect Iran's domestic policy and foreign relations, and what factors led to its failure? This article, with a descriptive-analytical approach and relying on historical documents and sources, examines the roots and contexts of the formation of this agreement, including Britain's goals in preserving India, the power vacuum resulting from the October 1917 Russian Revolution, and the role of the Vosugh-od-Dowleh government. Then, it examines the main provisions of the agreement and the reasons for the widespread domestic and international opposition to it. Finally, this research shows how the alliance of national, religious, and intellectual forces, along with the opposition of Britain's rival powers, led to the final failure of this agreement and the postponement of the realization of Britain's colonial goals, but at the same time, it paved the way for the 1299 coup and the establishment of the centralized Pahlavi government.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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